The Legal Status Of The Human Body - 1448 Words

In our present bio-medical age, with the advancement of technology, the legal definitions of ‘persons’ and ‘property’ have begun to endanger what it means to be classified as a human. From organ donation, to surrogacy, and the research done on bodily fluids and tissues, the human body is slowly becoming the property of the state rather than the property of the person. In order to combat this legal status there needs to an expansion of the property rights of legal persons, which would have to encompass their body, including all by-products that the body produces. Michael Sandel, a professor at Harvard, has identified two arguments surrounding the idea of surrogacy that can also be applied to organ donation or other areas of medicine and†¦show more content†¦In our society the process of selling and buying children, body parts and their by-products will always seem morally corrupt even if the law changes to support that market. These two arguments help to show the problem with the purchase and sale of children in relation to surrogacy. Sandel argues that a pregnant mother cannot voluntarily enter into a contract to give her unborn child away once birthed because she is unlikely to be fully informed of all the consequences and details. Sandel goes on to say that treating a child as a commodity degrades them because they are now used as a form of profit. Based on Sandel’s two arguments, when an issue arises over the products or processes of a human body there can be no way in which the transaction could take place in an entirely voluntary matter. One party will always be at a disadvantage in one way or another and societal norms will not allow for transactions, where there appears to be no disadvantage present, to take place. Sandel’s arguments can be seen during the appeal trial of the famous Baby M case, but in the initial trial, adjudicated by Justice Sorkow, the reasoning behind the judgement takes the opposite approach of Sandel’s arguments. Justice Sorkow based his decision in the trial partially on the fact that the surrogate consciously chose to have a child for another couple. Justice Sorkow reasons that the

Analysis Of The Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study

An Analysis of the Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin By: Lauren N. Ingram The Lincoln Electric Company was a legacy company from which the families personal values were incorporated in the beginning and continue to be the fundamental beliefs compromising the company s culture. By creating and implementing a culture of service, respect, and loyalty, the Lincoln Electric Company has become an institutional leader in American business standards. Lincoln s culture cannot be summarized by a single dimension of cultural analytics because of its multifaceted culture that is innovative, outcome-oriented, people-oriented, and team-oriented The founder, James F. Lincoln used his Christian upbringing as the basis for his vision of how he defined entrepreneurial success. The customers needs are first priority, the employee second, and the stockholders are last. Quality and cost efficiency are the two most important factors considered in their product engineering and manufacturing. The hierarchy is stringent, however, the culture of the com pany is greatly people-oriented. This company has a strong culture that is instilled in new employees from the beginning and continuously practiced by every member of every facet in the organizational structure. To understand the morals of the founder, one must understand the basic fundamentals of the Christian faith. Christians believe that the teachings of Christ, as found in the New Testament of the KingShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Unit 3 Case Analysis of The Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study In this case analysis I will be analyzing and summarizing my understanding of the organizational culture of the Lincoln Electric Company, based on key pointers and a Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin. In my analysis I will be using the framework from chapter eight of the textbook â€Å"Principles of Management† by Carpenter, Bauer and Erdogan to discern aspects of the company’s culture. The company is said to have aRead MoreLincoln Electric Company Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesorganized company. The Lincoln Electronic Company is the world largest manufacturer welding machine and electrodes. Since it has been created by the Lincoln family, the company has known enormous success, in this essay I going to look at some critical elements contributed that company’s success; such as: ï  ¶ The continuing influence of the founders of the company. ï  ¶ The incentive management plan. ï  ¶ The performance appraisal system. ï  ¶ The way people communicate in th e company. 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Analysis 12 Part 1 12 7.1 Sub question 1 12 7.2 Sub question 2 17 Part 2 19 Tesla Financial 19 Part 3 23 7.3 Sub question 3 23 7.4 Sub question 4 24 7.5 Sub questionRead MoreProducing sustainable competitive advantage Essay8688 Words   |  35 Pages................................................ Suppose that in 1972, someone asked you to pick the five companies that would provide the greatest return to stockholders over the next 20 years. And suppose that you had access to books on competitive success that were not even written. How would you approach your assignment? In order to earn tremendous economic returns, the companies you picked should have some sustainable competitive advantage, something that 1) distinguishes them from their

Deception, greed, and extreme pressure Free Essays

Misrepresentation, greed, and utmost force per unit area led to the death of Enron ( Beenen and Pinto, 2009 ) . Employees need the ability to withdraw ethical issues from these complications of self-interest and supply clear definition ; employees need to separate between negligible issues typical of work life and critical issues that threaten a company ‘s ethical environment. Ethical issues come with enticements and menaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception, greed, and extreme pressure or any similar topic only for you Order Now By understanding menaces to forces involvements, options will originate to implement rectification. Traveling along with the crowd can back immediate calling involvements whereas resiting can set position, calling and household wellbeing at hazard. By accepting ethical theory, this can move as a guideline for a human resource ( HR ) director to place and manage the issues of opportunism. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) defines utilitarianism as an act of moral significance established by its engagement to make the most sum of good for the most figure of people. This is based on the ability to anticipate the effects of an action as the pick that succumbs to the greatest benefit, to the bulk of people, is the pick that is ethically right. Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) place that corrupt administrations, such as Enron, act unethically by determinations, that are normally, made by a group of senior employees to profit the administration. Decisions made by Jeff Skilling ( senior director ) to â€Å"cook the accounting books† may hold been, in his sentiment, as an ethically right manner to profit the stockholders and stakeholders, by portraying a strong fiscal image. However, the effects of this action did n’t make the most sum of good for the most sum of people. Alternatively self-interest influenced unethical behavior by agencies of greed and force per unit area from Wall Street to profit, non the administration as a whole but, Jeff Skilling and direction, personally, for fiscal addition. Rational opportunism is good nevertheless greed is finally damaging ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . While the theory of utilitarianism will ever reason to profit the bulk, it can besides pretermit the minority ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins ‘ ability to do judgement that Enron ‘s accounting criterions were immoral created a regulation utilitarianism attack with respects to the jurisprudence and the concern with equity ; seeking to profit the bulk of people. Therefore, added benefits of regulation utilitarianism values justness and includes beneficence at the same clip. In the eyes of a HR director, by taking action the bulk of the stakeholders would profit from a moral administration adhering to their codification of behavior, carry oning equity in all of their concern activities. However, an issue with this determination, while sherron was commended for making the right thing, showed that her actions to pretermit the corrupt senior direction squad ( minority ) for the stakeholders ( bulk ) for a more ethical workplace started to inflicted harm to the full concern. Cable, News, Network ( CNN ) ( 2002 ) stated that Enron filed for settlement, people lost their occupations, some committed self-destruction and many were idle. Sherron may hold been seeking to make the right ( and hard ) thing but it may non hold been the best manner to acquire in front. Her opportunism was traveling to go a effect for the bulk and she was unable to foretell the hereafter so as to see how her determinations would impact people subsequently on. A HR director needs to tak e into consideration that there is no manner of stating precisely what the costs of our behavior will be, we merely do what we think is right at that specific clip ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . After analyzing DeGeorge ( 2010 ) a useful attack to this instance survey in managing opportunism is excessively impractical. This is because the practical application of the theory requires the ability to foretell the long-run effects of an action and, to foretell those effects with foolproof truth ; past experience can, to some extent, guide hereafter experience. However, there is ne’er any warrant that fortunes will turn out precisely the same ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . This uncertainness can make unexpected consequences doing the useful attack expression unethical, as the clip the pick was made did n’t profit the bulk for the greater good. A HR director needs to place that the defect in utilitarianism theory has no consideration for the minority ; nevertheless, Kantian theory suggests that it does n’t pretermit this issue i.e. leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk. Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) Kant ‘s deontology theory is supported by the actions of an single under consideration. A corporate attack to an action suggests it can find whether an action is moral as it allows one to portray the consequence of everyone universally lending to this action. Immanuel Kant ‘s theory ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) suggests that an person must hold the freedom to truly act in a moral manner. In the instance survey, some employees understand the company is acting unethically i.e. chancy history criterions for personal addition. A HR director could place that these people have a pick to voice their concern, leave the company or travel along with the crowd ; nevertheless opportunism and the ability to be disciplined may present a menace to take any action. These people have physiological demands to back up household and a moral determination to voice their concerns, in this regard, could present an issue. By being immoral or turning a blind oculus, to the state of affairs, could be the easiest option. Employees do hold a pick and the freedom to do a moral determination nevertheless self-interest can sometimes turn a moral thought into an immoral determination ; without the subject there is no freedom ( Wood, 2008 ) . A deeper analysis of Kant ‘s theory suggests that the construct of moralss is non based on desires or fortunes. Moral jurisprudence is a definite necessity because it has no precursor ; there is no ‘but ‘ portion in the bid ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins provided an illustration of how this theory works. Sherron adhered to Enron ‘s ethical codification of behavior when analyzing the ethical quandary of â€Å"accounting irregularities† that were present. By placing this job to her director, Ken Lay, she fulfilled her duties of duty. Continuing one ‘s responsibility is what ‘s considered ethically right ( Wood, 2008 ) . Sherron had found the morality through principle of her head as she was non influenced by feelings ( penchant ) , but alternatively she was concerned with fixed statements of responsibility ( I must†¦ ) . The theory suggests that an person has no flexibleness and no opportunity to see one ‘s ain place ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Naturally, people seem to admit that certain regulations must hold rational exclusions. For case, with respects to Ken Lay his determination non to fire Sherron Watkins could hold jeopardised Andy Fastow ‘s place and the companies bespeaking persons may necessitate to lie to protect others. So, could a HR director be sensible to presume that the same regulations can be applied systematically in different fortunes? This makes Kantian moralss stiff because the effect of an action is non needfully separated from the action itself ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Unlike utilitarianism this theory is non based on societal public-service corporation. It avoids the useful defect of leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk, based on free pick and similar to that of John Rawls ‘ theory of justness. As described by DeGeorge ( 2010 ) the classless, John Rawls, devised a theoretical theoretical account that proposed an person who, ‘covered in a head covering of ignorance ‘ , would urge a merely society without any apprehension of their position in society. The person would take a system of justness that sufficiently provided for the lower terminal of society because the person could stop up being in that lower place so, avoids it by being merely and just. Enron executives paid above market fillips and wages, they awarded unethical behavior and punished good behavior. In a sense many employees would hold tried to make the right thing i.e. execute what was asked of them in their relevant occupation function. While most of these activities were lending to the overall unethical behavior, an employee would moderately obtain their pay and fillip if they performed in a satisfactory or above expected mode. Self-interest nowadayss an underlying job here. While the wage system of any administration should be just and merely, greed and utmost force per unit area to execute presented self-interest drivers that awarded immoral behavior. Rawls ‘ argued that regimented societies are uncommon due to the fact that what is merely and unfair is normally in difference ( Rawls, 2003 ) Robert Nozick ‘s libertarian theory of moralss is similar to Rawls ‘ in that they both believe utilitarianism is a blemished theory due to the importance on the effects of policies and behavior ( Nozick, 1974 A ; Rawls, 2003 ) . Both indicate that since utilitarianism high spots public-service corporation or contentment, within society, it can non warrant an account of averments such as averments of right which people are free to do upon the actions of others. Consequently, each sets out to develop a political theoretical theoretical account which sufficiently suggests what Nozick depicts every bit, the cardinal Kantian rule that persons are terminals and non simply means ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Nozick ‘s theory suggests that people have the right to possess entitlements such as wage every bit long as it does n’t decline the place of anyone else ( Nozick, 1974 ) . But if these entitlements were obtained unethically, does this decline the place of anyone else? In one manus people are morally seeking to make the right thing but, in the instance of Cassandra, they finally acquire punished ; she moved to another place being seen as a menace. On the other manus people knew their actions were lending to immoral behavior as self-interest ( greed and force per unit area ) clouded their determination to make what is right. So what are our rights in state of affairss such as the above? The theory of rights can give a HR director penetration into how persons are protected in an ethically right manner. Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) rights are proposed by society which is protected and is given the topmost precedency. Since society endorsees rights they are considered to be ethically right and suited. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) indicates that an single must construe what features of rights are in society, as this can present deductions. The implicit in issue in the instance survey is self-interest. Senior direction is responsible to guarantee that the unity of the controls in the environment determines the effectivity of any control system, including wage, leave entitlements and occupation chances. With mention to Enron ‘s codification of moralss ( 2000 ) ‘dignity and common regard ‘ , for all employees, is a right that the company has promised to esteem and uphold. Clearly, this right was non apparent in this administration. Persons such as Sherron Watkins, Cassandra and Jeff McMahon were non given the right to be treated in a respectful mode as they were moved into different place disguised as publicities. The relevant rights in a concern context to freedom of address were noted by direction, as they gave them a opportunity to show themselves nevertheless, this was rapi dly extinguished. Control systems ( regulations ) may interfere with one ‘s ain ego involvement to win or avoid failure ; controls are intended for precisely that intent. Those who would react to concern force per unit areas by hedging controls will invent principles and tactics to warrant such an equivocation for tactics of disinformation and misrepresentation that they may utilize ( Donnelly, 2003 ) . For rights theory to be practical it must be used in combination with another ethical theory, such as ethical relativism, that will systematically sketch the aims of society. Ethical relativism refers to the rule that there are no normally valid or needed moral criterions as any two persons with differences in civilization, who have different ethical positions, sing an action, could at the same time be right ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) indicated that Jeff McMahon knew that Enron ‘s accounting patterns were unethical while Andy Fastow ‘s belief indicated his manner was ethically right i.e. for the greater good of the company. While both ethical positions are different they are besides both correct. The implicit in similarity here indicates that opportunism for personal addition was the chief driver relative to their different ethical sentiments. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) suggests a clear apprehension of this theory must be carefully dissected when compared with cultural relativism ; as cultural relativism explains the manner people really behave, and ethical relativism recommends how people ought to act. A HR director should admit that differences do n’t connote that there are no normally valid moral criterions. It teaches us that persons may non ever hold on what the principals are or should be. Relativism is a stronger claim as defense that there are normally suited moral criterions. It is a theoretical claim about the being of common moral criterions, whether or non people believe in them ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Therefore, it must be verified or unproven by theoretical influences. In drumhead, ethical theories need to be examined and measured against one another to undertake the issue of self-interest. No one theory on its ain is genuinely valid, instead a coaction of all theories should be used in order to give a professional ( HR director ) the necessary tools to make schemes and analyze the likeliness of unethical behavior. Enron ignored its ethical codification of behavior, self-interest ( greed and utmost force per unit area ) influenced direction in an unethical mode. For moralss to be adhered to companies necessitate to travel beyond the impression of simple legal conformity and follow values based on organizational civilization. Ethical logical thinking is non natural it ‘s a accomplishment that must be learned and practiced. How to cite Deception, greed, and extreme pressure, Essay examples

Population Growth Essay Example For Students

Population Growth Essay Regional Variations and Patterns of Population GrowthThe demographic transition model provides one with insight into the transformation or transition which occurs in several steps as the industrialization of a country progresses. By using the demographic transition as a model one can describe regional variations and patterns of population growth on a global level. The demographic transition model includes four stages: the pre industrialized society, the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution, and the post industrial societies/developed. The first stage of the demographic transition model is the pre industrial stage. In this stage birth and death rates are both usually high, which normally leads to almost no population growth within a country. The second stage of the demographic transition model is the Agricultural revolution stage, where one finds a reduction in death rates (DR), but birth rates (BR) remain high. In this stage there is also a population explosion, which i s found mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Moving on to the third stage known as the industrial revolution stage one sees a drastic change in population. Some of the change is due to advances in medicine and improvements in diet. These changes caused a drop in death rates and birth rates drop. Human life expectancy in the industrialized countries soared from an average of 35 years in the eighteenth century to 75 years or more at present. In this stage we find that the birth rates are about the same and death rates are lower. The last stage known as the post industrial period produces zero population growth. The zero population growth is achieved when there is both a halt or decline in both birth rates and death rates. Many countries however do not pass all the way through the demographic transition, but rather have a prolonged period during stage two, where the population explosion is in full effect, this causes for some problems in the countries and populations on a global scale.In discussing regional variations and patterns of population growth many components are involved. Fertility rates and death rates are good indicators to the global population and patterns of growth and variation. Total fertility rates (TFR) is the best prediction of a population over time. When we look at these numbers one, may start to wonder what factors have influenced these patterns and variations being observed. There are many factors that impact a population. To start one can look at the five themes discussed throughout our book, which include, culture region, cultural diffusion, cultural ecology, cultural integration, and cultural landscape. Each one of these themes discussed in chapter one can provide answers as to what factors influence population growth and variation. Ones culture region can play an important part in determining both birth and death rates. Cultural diffusion also provides insight into variations and changes in a population on a global level. Cultural ecology provides one with answers to population growth and variation based on a populations physical environment. Cultural integration can explain why certain patterns are observed in population growth and variation across the globe. Lastly, ones cultural landscape plays an important role in determining variations of a population. In the article titled, Before the Next Doubling, one can see that the doubling of the population is often due to many factors, which were discussed earlier. The article makes point of some of the causes of population growth, which include an unmet demand for family planning, a desire for large families, and population momentum. The article discusses the reasons to each of these causes. There is an unmet demand for family planning in a large percentage of the world. There is also a desire for large families if many areas such as Africa where many children die from diseases. The population momentum is one of the greatest causes of population growth. Population momentum occurs simply because the next reproductive group is starting to have children.When referring to, The State of the World Atlas, by Dan Smith one can observe population patterns. Page 14 shows the population doubling dates, where one can figure out based on the facts given, which stage of the demographic transition each country is in at various times. This also gives insight into how cultural integration plays an important role in population growth and variation. Page 16 in the atlas shows life expectancy across the world. It also states that increases in life expectancy are mainly due to improvements in three basic social conditions: better nutrition, a clean water supply, and access to health services.Consequently, life expectancy is considerably higher in the richer countries than in the poorer parts of the world(16). An example of this can be seen in the article, Gray Dawn: The Global Aging Crisis. The article discusses the aging crisis, which is due to the a dvancements in technology, which are allowing people to live longer. As discussed in the article the growth of elderly is going to cost lots of money that many people are not planning on.Nutrition is a good indicator into population variations across the world. Countries that naturally have more food available as opposed to poorer countries, who often suffer from malnutrition, find larger populations of healthier people living longer. On the other hand countries who lose babies and children often due to lack of resources often have higher birth rates because the adults in the countries want to have lots of children in case they lose one or more (18-21). Age provides one with an understanding of population growth. Countries where average life expectancies increase and family sizes decline, the proportion of older people in a population increases(24). Richer countries who have better living conditions often have less population growth, but more people living longer.There are many prob lems and issues that are associated with the patterns and variations of populations on a global level. One major issue which affects fertility rates and birth rates is the issue of reproductive rights in each country. As observed in the atlas on page 79 countries who have high birth rates also have no access or the country they live in says it is illegal to have abortions. This may be an issue that is causing a variation in the population. The wealth of a country also has an influence on the growth of the population. One major issue involving birth rates and death rates is health risks in a country. As reported on page 80-81 of the atlas HIV/AIDS is a major risk among many populations. AIDS has reduced life expectancy by more than one third in Botswana, Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This is probably why many of these places have both high birth and death rates. Another factor that causes a variation in population growth around the world is food. Problems concerning the am ount of food available in a country can very well cause increases or decreases in the population of that country. 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