Psychology reflective essay free essay sample

Any demonstration where aâ prisoner purposely hurts themselves irrespecve of the technique, expectation or seriousness of any injury† †¢? In 2011- ­? 12 more than 27,000 self- ­? hurt occurrences, including right around 7,000 detainees †¢? 7% of male detainees †¢? 9% of male youthful o? enders †¢? 30% of female detainees †¢? 4- ­? 12 mes higher than in the general populaon 2 13/02/2014 England and Wales: 2004- ­? 2009 †¢? 139,195 self- ­? hurt scenes †¢? Including 26,150 detainees †¢? 5- ­? 6% of male detainees †¢? 20- ­? 24% of female detainees Repe55on of self- ­? hurt More than 100 scenes/year: Ra5o of self- ­? hurt scenes/detainees 10 9 8 †¢? 2 male detainees 7 6 †¢? 102 female Detainees Ra5o 5 4 3 2 1 †¢? 17,307 scenes (26% of all out number in female detainees) 0 2004 2005 2006 Males 2007 2008 2009 Females Counseling in jails Vigne^es †¢? Morals †hazard, con? denality and the soundness of the specialist †¢? Security †¢? Who is the customer? †¢? Would prison be able to be a therapeuc domain? †¢? What are the e? ects of detainment? 3 13/02/2014 What is life in jail like? â€Å"Prisoners su? er the ulmate shame of expulsion to an uncongenial instuon, which is oBen stuffed, where companions can't be picked, and physical condions are Spartan. Most importantly, they are all by the procedure of detainment, isolated Structure everything recognizable, including all their social backings and cherished ones†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Gunn, 1996: 5) Long-term mental impacts Cohen and Taylor (1972) Prisoners in a most extreme security jail have a practically over the top dread of decay â€Å"These men felt that overall them were instances of individuals who had transformed into cabbages since they had not been adequately vigilant† (p. 56) Irwin (1980) Prisons corrupt, disillusion, disable and dehumanize detainees Pains of detainment versus ‘deep freeze’ worldview A queson of techniques? †¢? â€Å"We don't limit the significance of phenomenology in surveying jail life †¦ But, on the off chance that we stray as well A long way from epistemic qualities that are significant to an incredible sociology then we risked making awful strategy decisions† (Bonta Gendreau, 1990) †¢? What considers ‘good’ proof? †¢? When and by what method would it be advisable for us to quantify torment and deterioraon? †¢? Crique of ‘harm- ­? as- ­? deterioraon’ worldview †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? Cross- ­? seconal considers, short follow- ­? up periods Focus on male long- ­? term detainees Linear versus curvilinear e? ects â€Å"pain is a damage which mental scales have so far neglected to re? ect† (Liebling and Maruna, 2005: 12) †¢? Need progressively longitudinal and blended strategy research The Pains of Imprisonment Sykes (1958) †¢? hardship of freedom †¢? hardship of products and ventures †¢? hardship of hetero connections †¢? hardship of independence †¢? hardship of individual security Each â€Å"carries an increasingly significant hurt as a lot of dangers or assaults which are coordinated against the very establishment of the prisoner’s being. The individual’s image of himself as an individual of significant worth †¦ starts to falter and develop dim† (p. 78-9) Exaggerations? Walker (1987) -  ­? â€Å"research †chie? y by analysts †has done a lot to de? ate the broad exaggeraons †chie? y by sociologists †about the evil e? ects of ordinary incarceraon† Bonta and Genreau (1990) †¢? Meta- ­? analyc audit of quantave investigation into swarming, lone con? nement, short- ­? term con? nement long- ­? term detainment. †¢? â€Å"the experimental information we checked on quesons the legitimacy of the view that detainment is all around painful† (p. 365) †¢? detainment may have the happy bene? t of isolang the o? ender from a profoundly dangerous way of life in the network (p 357). When is detainment excruciating? Bukstel and Kilmann (1980) †¢? The procedure of adjustment to jail (counting examples of Custody†¦ to be sure, jail may give a chance to o? enders beforehand driving chaoc ways of life to seHle into a stable roune and draw in with services† (p. 79) †¢? Is T1 a substantial benchmark? †¢? Is T3 too soon? †¢? What happens later in the sentence or potentially aTer discharge? †¢? Will/would it be advisable for us to search for general pa^erns? â€Å"Some individuals do encounter a decrease in emotional well-being in jail. These people are bound to be female, on remand, have pre- ­? exisng extreme and suffering psychological instability or some combinaon of these factors† (Ibid. ) 5 13/02/2014 Prison atmosphere (Liebling, 2004) Summing up †¦ †¢? It is comprehensively acknowledged that. Detainment can be difficult, particularly in stuffed condions †¢? Parcularly under these conditions, jail can lead â€Å"to an intense intensifying of psychological wellness problems† (Joint Commi^ee on Human Rights, 2005: para. 4. 99) Well- ­? being Respect Humanity Safety Rela5onships Order Trust Support Fairness Personal advancement Decency Family contact Meaning Prisoner public activity Power/authority †¢? The high paces of suicides and self- ­? hurt in jails might be seen as proof that ‘doing me’ is upsetting and harming for some detainees †¢? By the by, â€Å"there is li^le to help the end that drawn out detainment essentially. Has unfavorable e? ects† (accentuation included, Bonta and Gendreau, 1990: 357) †¢? Short- ­? term impact†mental and in any case †¢? Praccal, wellbeing, socio- ­? financial and relaonal ramifications for detainees and their families Supporting prisoners’ well- ­? being †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? First night communities/packs Safer Locals Personal o? cer plans Access to Samaritans’ telephones and guiding Peer support and coaching (counting audience plans) Chaplaincy Cell- ­? sharing danger appraisal Equivalence of social insurance Purposeful acvity supported Educaon O? finishing Behavior Drug Rehabilitaon Programs Family. Visits days Charity bolster administrations (e. g. remote naonals) Focus on rese^lement/building joins with network administrations Should jail expect to be a restorative domain? Crique of the ‘therapunive rhetoric’ â€Å"Although in themselves the mental projects are most presumably innocuous [†¦ they] really cause hurt since they propose to ladies that they ought to have the option to control their reactions to antagonistic material conditions over which, actually, they have no control† (Carlen, 2006: 7) Legimising the utilization of detainment E? ecveness, possibility and morals of ‘voluntary’ mental treatments and intervenons †and. Costs included Warehousing? Being a jail advisor â€Å"Some contend it might be pointless and even unscrupulous to give psychotherapy inside the jail framework, as the earth migates against therapeuc change. Who is the advocate working for? For the jail framework? The customer? The NHS? Society? Her/himself? Maybe the advocate is working for a putave future vicm. What's more, what are the vital condions for e? ecve psychotherapy? Con? denality is a prime element of the therapeuc relaonship: by what method may the issue of customer con? denality work inside the jail framework? † (Pars, n. d. ) â€Å"†¦I should have been versatile yet. Mindful of the significance of keeping up the edge and limit of the therapeuc relaonship. On a run of the mill visit I would be accompanied up to the Visits Hall †¦ I would see my customers in a little stalls (around six feet square) where con? denality was obviously an issue. We could be seen by a great many people in the lobby and potenally caught by anybody in a contiguous stall. This could be a wellspring of distracon and somemes worry for my customers. I enquired with respect to whether there may be a progressively reasonable room accessible, yet was informed that because of the congestion there was a genuine lack of room. It was this or nothing. I felt that this Was in fact be^er than nothing†¦ 6 13/02/2014 Inially, the greatest impression was the manner by which edgy individuals were to recount to their accounts. A significant number of them had never con? ded their youth misuse. Countless them were frightened to mention to anybody what had happened in light of the got insight that to be manhandled implies they will most likely maltreatment. So for some other detainee to ?nd out they were conversing with a sexual- ­? misuse advisor could have different disagreeable results. I was additionally mindful that jail isn't really the best spot to investigate di? clique sentiments, open up and potenally make oneself powerless. This was a continuous issue. Was it reasonable, or even moral, to request that anybody experience directing inside such a domain? I thought (and think) it was. The end I came to aTer working with various detainees for more than four years, was that a huge level of the jail populaon were traumased in adolescence by some type of misuse: sexual, physical or psychological†¦ For these individuals, advising can be of extraordinary bene? t. A large number of them have never encountered a warm, posive, non- ­? critical relaonship and the experience of one can engage them and show them compassion (a portion of my customers became Listeners aTer a couple of long stretches of advising). †

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems

Simultaneous Processes In Operating Systems The programming procedure, to utilize hinders to reproduce the simultaneous execution of a few projects on Atlas PCs was known as multiprogramming. It was spearheaded by Tom Kilburn and David Howarth. Multiprogramming in early days was finished utilizing get together level language. Scarcest mix-up in projects could make program eccentric subsequently testing them was troublesome additionally the get together level language had no applied establishment. Working frameworks planned utilizing this multiprogramming strategies became extremely immense and flighty their fashioners talked about programming emergency. This made an earnest innovative work requirement for simultaneous programming procedures. PC researchers ventured out understanding the issues identified with simultaneous programming during mid 1960s, they found basic ideas, communicated them by programming documentation, remembered them for programming dialects and utilized these dialects to compose the model working frameworks. These equivalent ideas were then applied to any type of equal registering. Presentation of Concurrent procedures in working frameworks Procedures assumed a key job in molding early working frameworks. They were by and large run in a carefully successive request. Multiprogramming existed yet the procedures didn't actually run simultaneously rather a period based instrument was utilized in which a constrained measure of time was given to each procedure. Indeed, even in those days the processors speed was quick enough to give and dream that the different procedures were running simultaneously. They were called as timesharing or multiprogramming working frameworks (November 1961, called CTSS Compatible Time-Sharing System likewise Multics the ancestors of UNIX created by MIT) These sort working frameworks were mainstream and were viewed as a forward leap during those occasions. The significant disadvantage was multifaceted nature of the framework plan which made it hard to make it increasingly adaptable and adaptable so a solitary generally useful OS could be manufactured. Likewise the asset sharing done by these procedures was crude or wasteful and it just appeared there was a ton of space for innovative work. Work on these working frameworks cleared a path for simultaneous procedures. The majority of the first ideas identified with simultaneousness were created during this period. These imaginative thoughts and ideas went on become the essential standards on which todays working frameworks and simultaneous applications are planned. (A significant task attempted by IBM toward this path was in 1964 the OS/360 for their new centralized computers framework 360) To assemble dependable simultaneous procedures understanding and creating essential ideas for simultaneousness was significant let us talk about simultaneousness and a portion of its fundamental programming ideas. Simultaneousness In software engineering, simultaneousness is a property of frameworks where a few calculations are executing at the same time, and possibly cooperating with one another. [Wikipedia] Let us consider a genuine model a lodging venture, for example, the structure of a house will require some work to go on in corresponding with different works. On a fundamental level, an undertaking like structure a house doesn't require any simultaneous action, yet an attractive element of such a venture is, that the entire errand can be finished in shorter time by permitting different sub assignments to be completed simultaneously. There is no explanation any painter can't paint the house from outside (assuming the rainclouds hold back!), while the plasterer is occupied in the upstairs rooms and the joiner is fitting the kitchen units ground floor. There are anyway a few imperatives on simultaneousness which is conceivable. The block layer will typically need to hold up until the establishment of the house had been layered before he could start the undertaking of building the dividers. The different errands engaged with such an undertaking can generally be viewed as free of each ot her, yet the booking of the assignments is obliged by ideas of an errand An absolute necessity be finished before task B can start A subsequent model is that of a railroad organize. Various trains making ventures inside a railroad arrange, and by appear differently in relation to the past model, when they start and they end is commonly autonomous of the majority of different excursions. Where the excursions interface however is at places where courses cross or utilize normal areas of track for parts of excursions. We can in this model view the development of trains as projects in execution, and the segments of track as the assets which these projects might possibly need to impart to different projects. Thus the two trains run simultaneously in the event that their courses cooperate having similar assets without interfering with one another like simultaneous procedures in working frameworks. So as talked about before we comprehend that procedures are imperative to actualize simultaneousness so let us examine the procedure as an idea which will acquaint us with the most significant idea for simultaneousness for example strings! Key ideas Procedure A procedure is a running system; OS monitors running projects in type of procedures and their information. A procedure is made of different strings. Strings The need to compose simultaneous applications presented strings. As it were, strings are forms that share a solitary location space. Each string has its own program counter and stack. Strings are regularly called lightweight procedures as N strings have 1 page table, 1 location space and 1 PID while N forms have N page tables, N address spaces and N PIDs. Along these lines, an arrangement of executing guidelines is known as a string that runs freely of different strings but then can impart information to different strings legitimately. A string is contained inside a procedure. There can exist various strings inside a procedure that share assets like memory, while various procedures don't share these assets. A straightforward string model There are two classes characterized in this model to be specific SimpleThread which is a subclass of the Thread class and TwoThreads class. class SimpleThread expands Thread { open SimpleThread(String str) { super(str); } open void run() { for (int I = 0; I { System.out.println(i + getName()); Attempt { sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000)); } get (InterruptedException e) {} } System.out.println(DONE! + getName()); } } The strategy SimpleThread() is a constructor which sets the Threads name utilized later in the program. The activity happens in the run() technique which contains a for circle that emphasizes multiple times that shows the emphasis number and the name of the Thread, at that point dozes for an arbitrary interim of as long as a second. The TwoThreads class gives a principle() strategy that makes two SimpleThread strings named London and NewYork. class TwoThreads { open static void principle (String[] args) { new SimpleThread(London).start(); new SimpleThread(NewYork).start(); } } The principle() strategy likewise begins each string promptly following its development by calling the beginning() technique. Following ideas are generally utilized at the string level and furthermore the issues examined are experienced while executing simultaneousness. Race condition A race condition happens when different procedures get to and control similar information simultaneously, and the result of the execution relies upon the specific request wherein the entrance takes place.[http://www.topbits.com/race-condition.html] It isn't so natural to recognize race condition during program execution in the event that it is seen that the estimation of shared factors is unusual, it might be caused as a result of race condition. In simultaneous programming there are more than one lawful conceivable string executions henceforth request of string execution can't be anticipated. Race condition may deliver dubious outcomes. Result of race condition may happen after quite a while. So as to forestall flighty outcomes due to race condition, following strategies are utilized Shared prohibition Shared prohibition (frequently abridged to mutex) calculations are utilized in simultaneous programming to maintain a strategic distance from the synchronous utilization of a typical asset, for example, a worldwide variable, by bits of PC code called basic segments. (Wikipedia) - Critical Region (CR) A piece of code that is constantly executed under common prohibition is known as a basic district. Because of this, the compiler rather than the developer should watch that the asset is nor being utilized nor alluded to outside its basic locales. While programming, basic area lives when semaphores are utilized. CRs are required just if the information is writeable. It comprises of two sections: Factors: These must be gotten to under common prohibition. New dialect proclamation: It recognizes a basic segment that approaches factors. There are two procedures to be specific An and B that contain basic districts for example the code where shared information is comprehensible and writable. - Semaphores Semaphores are systems which secure basic areas and can be utilized to execute condition synchronization. Semaphore typifies the mutual variable and utilizing semaphore, just permitted set of activities can be completed. It can suspend or wake forms. The two activities performed utilizing semaphores are pause and sign, otherwise called P and V individually. At the point when a procedure performs P activity it informs semaphore that it needs to utilize the mutual asset, if the semaphore is free the procedure accesses the common variable and semaphore is decremented by one else the procedure is postponed. On the off chance that V activity is performed, at that point the procedure tells the semaphore that it has got done with utilizing shared variable and semaphore esteem is augmented by one. By utilizing semaphores, we endeavor to maintain a strategic distance from other multi-programming issue of Starvation. There are two sorts of Semaphores: Twofold semaphores: Control access to a solitary asset, taking the estimation of 0 (asset is being used) or 1 (asset is accessible). Tallying semaphores: Control access to different assets, in this way expecting a scope of nonnegative qualities. - Locks The most widely recognized approach to

Virtually walk on Columbia Universitys campus today COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Virtually walk on Columbia Universitys campus today COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If youre like me, you enjoy staying toasty warm in frigid temperatures. But that in itself presents a problem when you want to venture outside to see the sights; especially if youre planning to visit NYC anytime soon. To solve the dilemma of warmth vs. curiosity heres a slideshow of some of the hotspots you would see on Columbia Universitys campus during a visit. While it doesnt make up for seeing the grand buildings in person, at least youll still get a sense of the beautiful architecture and landscapes. So save your campus visit for warmer weather and enjoy this virtual tour in the interim. Happy touring! Celebrated as an example of purely classical architecture, Low Memorial Library was completed in 1897 and served as the main library until 1934. Today this landmark building functions as the administrative center of the University and houses the offices of the President and the Provost. One of the most impressive features of Low is its rotunda topped by the largest all-granite dome in the country. The rotunda, originally the Librarys main reading room, is now used for exhibitions and major University events. Low also serves as the headquarters of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, which offers M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in more than 26 disciplines and in 28 interdepartmental and interschool programs.     Low Plaza has been described as one of the great urban spaces in America. It was built to resemble a Greek amphitheater and is ideal for outdoor events, including concerts, theatrical performances and fairs. Students flock to the plaza steps to sunbathe, socialize and study, making it, in the words of a leading architect, a true urban beach. Watching over the plaza is Alma Mater, a bronze sculpture by Daniel Chester French, famous for his statue of Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.   The cathedral window of Kent Hall depicting Justice with her scales and sword dates back to the days when the building housed the Law School. Named after Columbias first law professor, James Kent, the building now features the C.V. Starr East Asian Library, and the departments of Middle East and East Asian Languages and Cultures. The Starr Library has one of the major collections on East Asia in the United States and includes books, periodicals, and microfilms of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tibetan and Western language materials. Kent is also the administrative home of Student Financial Services and the Registrar. Students can obtain university I.D. cards here.   An authentic bronze casting of Rodins Le Penseur (The Thinker) stands before the entrance of Philosophy Hall. The building is home to several departments, including Philosophy, English and Comparative Literature, French, and Romance Philology.   Buell Hall is home to La Maison Française. Founded in 1913, La Maison Française is the oldest French cultural center established on an American university campus. It is a meeting place for students, scholars, business leaders, policy-makers and those seeking a better understanding of the French and Francophone world. Buell Hall also houses the Temple Hoyne Center for the Study of American Architecture, the Arthur Ross Architecture Gallery and Columbias Headquarters for Japanese Architectural Studies and Advanced Research.   Built in 1904 and designated a New York City landmark in 1966, St. Pauls Chapel is nondenominational and provides a beautiful space for hundreds of events each year, including weekly religious services, weddings, lectures, memorials and concerts. Artwork inside the Chapel includes three stained glass windows handcrafted by John LaFarge and a Peace Altar designed by George Nakashima.   Avery Hall houses Columbias Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, which was founded in 1881. Masters degrees are offered in architecture and in specialties such as urban design, urban planning, historic preservation, and real estate development. The School also offers a post-professional program, the degree in Advanced Architectural Design. Doctoral programs are offered in conjunction with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, one of the most comprehensive architectural libraries in the country, is located here. Its collection includes books and periodicals in architecture, historic preservation, art history, painting, sculpture, graphic arts, decorative arts, city planning, real estate, and archaeology. The Avery collection in architecture ranges from the first Western printed book on architecture, L. B. Albertis De Re Aedificatoria (1485), to a broad collection of books on contemporary architectural movements.   Fayerweather is one of the buildings that complete a small quadrangle on the northeast end of the campus. It is home to the History and Sociology departments. Along with traditional areas of study, the history department offers joint programs with the law school, the School of International and Public affairs, as well as the medical school and the School of Public Health. Sociology also maintains active teaching and research ties with various schools, departments and institutes at Columbia.   Jerome Greene Hall, the main building within the Law School complex, has been home to the School of Law since 1960. The School, which was founded in 1858, is one of the oldest in the United States. Its graduates include U. S. presidents, Supreme Court justices; senators; governors and other high ranking government officials; leading human rights advocates; legal scholars; entrepreneurs, and other corporate leaders. It is home to many of Americas most distinguished legal academics, and the site of one of the finest law libraries in the world. Max Abramovitz and Wallace Harrison designed the building. Among his many buildings, Harrison is perhaps most widely known for leading an international team of architects that designed the United Nations headquarters.   Casa Italiana, one of three New York City landmarks on campus, is home to the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America. It is one of many buildings on campus designed by the renowned architectural firm of McKim, Meade and White. It was restored in 1993 based on the designs of Italian architect Italo Rota of Paris and Milan and Samuel E. White of Buttrick, White Burtis of New York. Founded in 1991 on the basis of an agreement between the Republic of Italy and Columbia University, the Academy promotes advanced research in all areas relating to Italian history and society. In addition, it seeks to establish a high level of academic and cultural exchange between Italy and the US.   The International Affairs Building houses Columbias School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Founded in 1946, SIPA offers interdisciplinary masters degree programs in international affairs, and in public policy and administration. Several certificate programs are also offered. The building houses seven regional institutes, including the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, the Harriman Institute for the study of Russia and the former Soviet republics, as well as centers devoted to the study of Human Rights, the United Nations, and Urban Research and Policy. The Economics and Political Science departments, and the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy are also located here, as is the Lehman Library for the Social Sciences.   Construction on Schermerhorn began in 1896. An inscription above the entrance reads For the advancement of natural science. Speak to the earth and it shall teach thee. The centers and departments located in this building include: African-American Studies; Anthropology; Art History and Archaeology; Geology; Psychology; Womens Studies; the Miriam Ira D. Wallach Fine Arts Center, and the Center for Environmental Research and Conservation. Franz Boas founded the nations first department of anthropology here in 1899. Graduates from this program include pioneering cultural anthropologists Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead. Schermerhorn is well known in science circles as the site of Thomas Hunt Morgans drosophila experiment, which laid the foundation for modern genetics and helped him earn the Nobel Prize in 1933.   Uris Hall serves as the main building for Columbia Business School, which offers MBA, Executive MBA and PhD programs, as well as short-term, non-degree courses for executives. The school’s location in the business and financial capital of the world and its relationships with global business and academic leaders make it one of the premier schools for graduate business education. The school also shares a new building on Amsterdam Avenue with the School of Law.   The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science occupies a cluster of buildings on the north end of the campus: the Schapiro Center for Engineering and Physical Science Research (pictured), shared with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; the Seeley Wintersmith Mudd building, which is home to the Botwinick Gateway Laboratories, a state-of-the-art facility for computer-aided design; the Computer Science Building, and Engineering Terrace. The School offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in applied physics and applied mathematics; biomedical engineering; chemical engineering; civil engineering and engineering mechanics; computer science; earth and environmental engineering; electrical engineering; industrial engineering and operations research, and mechanical engineering.   Pupin Hall is home to the Physics and Astronomy departments. The building is named after Michael I. Pupin, a graduate of Columbia College, and a professor at the University for more than 30 years. Pupin was an active inventor and patented many of his ground-breaking inventions including a method of rapid X-ray photography, secondary X-ray radiation, telecommunications technology, and sonar-related technology. During his lifetime, he received 34 patents. His autobiography, From Immigrant to Inventor, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1924.   Havemeyer Hall is devoted to the application and study of Chemistry, with a strong emphasis on research. Pioneering research conducted here led to the discovery of deuterium, for which Harold Clayton Urey received the Nobel Prize in 1934. Six others who did research here subsequently received the Nobel Prize, including Irving Langmuir, the first industrial chemist to be so honored in 1932. Room 309, the grand lecture hall in the center of Havemeyer remains the signature architectural feature of Charles Follen McKims original design. It has been prominently featured in over a dozen films.   As the name suggests, this building houses the Mathematics Department. This former home of the Engineering School once featured a full-sized steam locomotive inside. The area around Mathematics Hall is known as the site of the Battle of Harlem Heights. During the American Revolution, George Washingtons troops staged an important offensive against the British troops here. Though inconclusive, it revived American morale after defeats in Long Island and at Kips Bay. A plaque on the Broadway side of the building commemorates the battle. The mathematics and science library here have two distinct and separately maintained collections. The mathematics holdings cover all aspects of pure mathematics, including algebra, number theory, geometry, topology, mathematical statistics, and probability. The library currently subscribes to 250 international mathematics serials. The science collection consists of general and multidisciplinary materials in such areas as the history of science and technology, older scientific periodicals and publications of academies and learned societies.   Earl Hall is Columbias religious and community service headquarters. Dedicated in 1902, it is one of the oldest buildings on campus. The University Chaplain and campus ministers have offices here along with more than 50 religious, political, and community service groups. Through these organizations, approximately 850 student volunteers working with Columbias Community Impact program, serve more than 1,000 people weekly, addressing community needs for tutoring, social service referrals, food, and more.   The School of General Studies (GS) and the School of Continuing Education are located in Lewisohn Hall. The School of General Studies is the undergraduate college for nontraditional students who have interrupted their education for at least one year after high school or during college and have chosen to return to higher education to complete a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. Continuing Education students enroll in undergraduate and graduate courses offered by more than 40 academic departments in Arts and Sciences. Lewisohn also houses the Language Resource Center and the Learning Center, a walk-in tutoring facility.   Dodge Hall is home to Columbias School of the Arts (founded in 1965); the Department of Music; the 688-seat Kathryn Bache Miller Theatre; the Gabe M. Weiner Music and Arts Library; the Center for Ethnomusicology; the LeRoy Neiman Center for Print Studies; the Digital Media Center, and the Lifetime Screening Room. The School of the Arts offers Master of Fine Arts degrees in the fields of Film, Theatre, Visual Arts, and Writing, as well as undergraduate majors in Film and Visual Arts and a special program in Creative Writing. The Department of Music, one of the oldest in the country (founded in 1896), offers a range of instruction from doctoral training in composition and musicology to appreciation and criticism of music as a liberal art. The program provides many opportunities to perform and presents a series of concerts and colloquia.   The Graduate School of Journalism, located in Journalism Hall, offers an intensive masters degree program with concentrations in broadcast, newspaper, magazine, and new-media journalism. The School is also home to the foremost prizes in journalism, including the Pulitzer Prizes; the Alfred I. duPontâ€"Columbia Awards for broadcast journalism; the National Magazine Awards; the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes for reporting on Latin America; the J. Anthony Lukas Prize for book writing, and the Alfred Eisenstaedt Award for magazine photography. The Columbia Journalism Review is published here as well. Journalism Hall was built in 1912 with funds donated by famed publisher Joseph Pulitzer.   Alfred Lerner Hall, Columbias student center, serves students needs conveniently in one location and is a central area of activity on campus. Some of the highlights of the center are: student lounges; two dining venues; copy center; black box theater; pool and game room; 7,000 undergraduate mailboxes; two computer rooms, one allowing 24-hour access; numerous multi-functional event spaces, including a 1,100-seat auditorium; a 400-seat cinema, and offices for administrative services and student organizations. Bernard Tschumi, former dean of the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, in association with Gruzen Samton Architects were responsible for the building design. The architects strove for a facility that featured a modern innovative design, while remaining true to the Universitys more classic architecture.   The Columbia University Libraries is one of the ten largest academic library systems in the nation, with holdings of more than 8.2 million volumes in 22 libraries, each supporting a specific academic or professional discipline. Built in 1934, Butler Library houses close to one-third of the Libraries on-site collections. The Philip L. Milstein Family College Library, floors two through four, serves Columbias undergraduate students. Of special interest at Butler are the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, which contains more than 600,000 rare books and 28 million manuscripts, and the world-famous Oral History Research Office and collection. LibraryWeb is the online gateway to a wide variety of electronic resources (e.g., E-journals, databases), web-based services (e.g., Interlibrary Loan, Ask Us Now), and contact information for library staff and subject specialists.   Hamilton Hall, an original McKim, Mead, and White building, is home to Columbia College, one of the most prestigious undergraduate institutions in the world. The College, which prizes its renowned Core Curriculum, offers programs of study leading to the B.A. in 61 subjects and has 5 dual degree programs as well as a joint degree program with the Juilliard School of Music. The College Deans office and the Undergraduate Admissions Office for Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science are located here. In addition, the building houses the department of Slavic languages.   The Northwest Corner Building (NWC) houses faculty offices, classrooms, and research facilities for the disciplines of chemistry, biology, engineering and physics. Serving as a physical and intellectual bridge, linking laboratories and maximizing the ready sharing and exchange of ideas, resources and information, the new building will enhance the existing collaborations and stimulate new ones.   William C. Warren Hall is home to two legal advocacy programs run by Columbia Law School: the Child Advocacy Clinic and the Prisoners Family Rights Clinic. [Photos and text courtesy of Columbia University Visitors Center]

The Legal Status Of The Human Body - 1448 Words

In our present bio-medical age, with the advancement of technology, the legal definitions of ‘persons’ and ‘property’ have begun to endanger what it means to be classified as a human. From organ donation, to surrogacy, and the research done on bodily fluids and tissues, the human body is slowly becoming the property of the state rather than the property of the person. In order to combat this legal status there needs to an expansion of the property rights of legal persons, which would have to encompass their body, including all by-products that the body produces. Michael Sandel, a professor at Harvard, has identified two arguments surrounding the idea of surrogacy that can also be applied to organ donation or other areas of medicine and†¦show more content†¦In our society the process of selling and buying children, body parts and their by-products will always seem morally corrupt even if the law changes to support that market. These two arguments help to show the problem with the purchase and sale of children in relation to surrogacy. Sandel argues that a pregnant mother cannot voluntarily enter into a contract to give her unborn child away once birthed because she is unlikely to be fully informed of all the consequences and details. Sandel goes on to say that treating a child as a commodity degrades them because they are now used as a form of profit. Based on Sandel’s two arguments, when an issue arises over the products or processes of a human body there can be no way in which the transaction could take place in an entirely voluntary matter. One party will always be at a disadvantage in one way or another and societal norms will not allow for transactions, where there appears to be no disadvantage present, to take place. Sandel’s arguments can be seen during the appeal trial of the famous Baby M case, but in the initial trial, adjudicated by Justice Sorkow, the reasoning behind the judgement takes the opposite approach of Sandel’s arguments. Justice Sorkow based his decision in the trial partially on the fact that the surrogate consciously chose to have a child for another couple. Justice Sorkow reasons that the

Analysis Of The Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study

An Analysis of the Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin By: Lauren N. Ingram The Lincoln Electric Company was a legacy company from which the families personal values were incorporated in the beginning and continue to be the fundamental beliefs compromising the company s culture. By creating and implementing a culture of service, respect, and loyalty, the Lincoln Electric Company has become an institutional leader in American business standards. Lincoln s culture cannot be summarized by a single dimension of cultural analytics because of its multifaceted culture that is innovative, outcome-oriented, people-oriented, and team-oriented The founder, James F. Lincoln used his Christian upbringing as the basis for his vision of how he defined entrepreneurial success. The customers needs are first priority, the employee second, and the stockholders are last. Quality and cost efficiency are the two most important factors considered in their product engineering and manufacturing. The hierarchy is stringent, however, the culture of the com pany is greatly people-oriented. This company has a strong culture that is instilled in new employees from the beginning and continuously practiced by every member of every facet in the organizational structure. To understand the morals of the founder, one must understand the basic fundamentals of the Christian faith. Christians believe that the teachings of Christ, as found in the New Testament of the KingShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Unit 3 Case Analysis of The Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study In this case analysis I will be analyzing and summarizing my understanding of the organizational culture of the Lincoln Electric Company, based on key pointers and a Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin. 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Deception, greed, and extreme pressure Free Essays

Misrepresentation, greed, and utmost force per unit area led to the death of Enron ( Beenen and Pinto, 2009 ) . Employees need the ability to withdraw ethical issues from these complications of self-interest and supply clear definition ; employees need to separate between negligible issues typical of work life and critical issues that threaten a company ‘s ethical environment. Ethical issues come with enticements and menaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception, greed, and extreme pressure or any similar topic only for you Order Now By understanding menaces to forces involvements, options will originate to implement rectification. Traveling along with the crowd can back immediate calling involvements whereas resiting can set position, calling and household wellbeing at hazard. By accepting ethical theory, this can move as a guideline for a human resource ( HR ) director to place and manage the issues of opportunism. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) defines utilitarianism as an act of moral significance established by its engagement to make the most sum of good for the most figure of people. This is based on the ability to anticipate the effects of an action as the pick that succumbs to the greatest benefit, to the bulk of people, is the pick that is ethically right. Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) place that corrupt administrations, such as Enron, act unethically by determinations, that are normally, made by a group of senior employees to profit the administration. Decisions made by Jeff Skilling ( senior director ) to â€Å"cook the accounting books† may hold been, in his sentiment, as an ethically right manner to profit the stockholders and stakeholders, by portraying a strong fiscal image. However, the effects of this action did n’t make the most sum of good for the most sum of people. Alternatively self-interest influenced unethical behavior by agencies of greed and force per unit area from Wall Street to profit, non the administration as a whole but, Jeff Skilling and direction, personally, for fiscal addition. Rational opportunism is good nevertheless greed is finally damaging ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . While the theory of utilitarianism will ever reason to profit the bulk, it can besides pretermit the minority ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins ‘ ability to do judgement that Enron ‘s accounting criterions were immoral created a regulation utilitarianism attack with respects to the jurisprudence and the concern with equity ; seeking to profit the bulk of people. Therefore, added benefits of regulation utilitarianism values justness and includes beneficence at the same clip. In the eyes of a HR director, by taking action the bulk of the stakeholders would profit from a moral administration adhering to their codification of behavior, carry oning equity in all of their concern activities. However, an issue with this determination, while sherron was commended for making the right thing, showed that her actions to pretermit the corrupt senior direction squad ( minority ) for the stakeholders ( bulk ) for a more ethical workplace started to inflicted harm to the full concern. Cable, News, Network ( CNN ) ( 2002 ) stated that Enron filed for settlement, people lost their occupations, some committed self-destruction and many were idle. Sherron may hold been seeking to make the right ( and hard ) thing but it may non hold been the best manner to acquire in front. Her opportunism was traveling to go a effect for the bulk and she was unable to foretell the hereafter so as to see how her determinations would impact people subsequently on. A HR director needs to tak e into consideration that there is no manner of stating precisely what the costs of our behavior will be, we merely do what we think is right at that specific clip ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . After analyzing DeGeorge ( 2010 ) a useful attack to this instance survey in managing opportunism is excessively impractical. This is because the practical application of the theory requires the ability to foretell the long-run effects of an action and, to foretell those effects with foolproof truth ; past experience can, to some extent, guide hereafter experience. However, there is ne’er any warrant that fortunes will turn out precisely the same ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . This uncertainness can make unexpected consequences doing the useful attack expression unethical, as the clip the pick was made did n’t profit the bulk for the greater good. A HR director needs to place that the defect in utilitarianism theory has no consideration for the minority ; nevertheless, Kantian theory suggests that it does n’t pretermit this issue i.e. leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk. Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) Kant ‘s deontology theory is supported by the actions of an single under consideration. A corporate attack to an action suggests it can find whether an action is moral as it allows one to portray the consequence of everyone universally lending to this action. Immanuel Kant ‘s theory ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) suggests that an person must hold the freedom to truly act in a moral manner. In the instance survey, some employees understand the company is acting unethically i.e. chancy history criterions for personal addition. A HR director could place that these people have a pick to voice their concern, leave the company or travel along with the crowd ; nevertheless opportunism and the ability to be disciplined may present a menace to take any action. These people have physiological demands to back up household and a moral determination to voice their concerns, in this regard, could present an issue. By being immoral or turning a blind oculus, to the state of affairs, could be the easiest option. Employees do hold a pick and the freedom to do a moral determination nevertheless self-interest can sometimes turn a moral thought into an immoral determination ; without the subject there is no freedom ( Wood, 2008 ) . A deeper analysis of Kant ‘s theory suggests that the construct of moralss is non based on desires or fortunes. Moral jurisprudence is a definite necessity because it has no precursor ; there is no ‘but ‘ portion in the bid ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins provided an illustration of how this theory works. Sherron adhered to Enron ‘s ethical codification of behavior when analyzing the ethical quandary of â€Å"accounting irregularities† that were present. By placing this job to her director, Ken Lay, she fulfilled her duties of duty. Continuing one ‘s responsibility is what ‘s considered ethically right ( Wood, 2008 ) . Sherron had found the morality through principle of her head as she was non influenced by feelings ( penchant ) , but alternatively she was concerned with fixed statements of responsibility ( I must†¦ ) . The theory suggests that an person has no flexibleness and no opportunity to see one ‘s ain place ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Naturally, people seem to admit that certain regulations must hold rational exclusions. For case, with respects to Ken Lay his determination non to fire Sherron Watkins could hold jeopardised Andy Fastow ‘s place and the companies bespeaking persons may necessitate to lie to protect others. So, could a HR director be sensible to presume that the same regulations can be applied systematically in different fortunes? This makes Kantian moralss stiff because the effect of an action is non needfully separated from the action itself ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Unlike utilitarianism this theory is non based on societal public-service corporation. It avoids the useful defect of leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk, based on free pick and similar to that of John Rawls ‘ theory of justness. As described by DeGeorge ( 2010 ) the classless, John Rawls, devised a theoretical theoretical account that proposed an person who, ‘covered in a head covering of ignorance ‘ , would urge a merely society without any apprehension of their position in society. The person would take a system of justness that sufficiently provided for the lower terminal of society because the person could stop up being in that lower place so, avoids it by being merely and just. Enron executives paid above market fillips and wages, they awarded unethical behavior and punished good behavior. In a sense many employees would hold tried to make the right thing i.e. execute what was asked of them in their relevant occupation function. While most of these activities were lending to the overall unethical behavior, an employee would moderately obtain their pay and fillip if they performed in a satisfactory or above expected mode. Self-interest nowadayss an underlying job here. While the wage system of any administration should be just and merely, greed and utmost force per unit area to execute presented self-interest drivers that awarded immoral behavior. Rawls ‘ argued that regimented societies are uncommon due to the fact that what is merely and unfair is normally in difference ( Rawls, 2003 ) Robert Nozick ‘s libertarian theory of moralss is similar to Rawls ‘ in that they both believe utilitarianism is a blemished theory due to the importance on the effects of policies and behavior ( Nozick, 1974 A ; Rawls, 2003 ) . Both indicate that since utilitarianism high spots public-service corporation or contentment, within society, it can non warrant an account of averments such as averments of right which people are free to do upon the actions of others. Consequently, each sets out to develop a political theoretical theoretical account which sufficiently suggests what Nozick depicts every bit, the cardinal Kantian rule that persons are terminals and non simply means ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Nozick ‘s theory suggests that people have the right to possess entitlements such as wage every bit long as it does n’t decline the place of anyone else ( Nozick, 1974 ) . But if these entitlements were obtained unethically, does this decline the place of anyone else? In one manus people are morally seeking to make the right thing but, in the instance of Cassandra, they finally acquire punished ; she moved to another place being seen as a menace. On the other manus people knew their actions were lending to immoral behavior as self-interest ( greed and force per unit area ) clouded their determination to make what is right. So what are our rights in state of affairss such as the above? The theory of rights can give a HR director penetration into how persons are protected in an ethically right manner. Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) rights are proposed by society which is protected and is given the topmost precedency. Since society endorsees rights they are considered to be ethically right and suited. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) indicates that an single must construe what features of rights are in society, as this can present deductions. The implicit in issue in the instance survey is self-interest. Senior direction is responsible to guarantee that the unity of the controls in the environment determines the effectivity of any control system, including wage, leave entitlements and occupation chances. With mention to Enron ‘s codification of moralss ( 2000 ) ‘dignity and common regard ‘ , for all employees, is a right that the company has promised to esteem and uphold. Clearly, this right was non apparent in this administration. Persons such as Sherron Watkins, Cassandra and Jeff McMahon were non given the right to be treated in a respectful mode as they were moved into different place disguised as publicities. The relevant rights in a concern context to freedom of address were noted by direction, as they gave them a opportunity to show themselves nevertheless, this was rapi dly extinguished. Control systems ( regulations ) may interfere with one ‘s ain ego involvement to win or avoid failure ; controls are intended for precisely that intent. Those who would react to concern force per unit areas by hedging controls will invent principles and tactics to warrant such an equivocation for tactics of disinformation and misrepresentation that they may utilize ( Donnelly, 2003 ) . For rights theory to be practical it must be used in combination with another ethical theory, such as ethical relativism, that will systematically sketch the aims of society. Ethical relativism refers to the rule that there are no normally valid or needed moral criterions as any two persons with differences in civilization, who have different ethical positions, sing an action, could at the same time be right ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) indicated that Jeff McMahon knew that Enron ‘s accounting patterns were unethical while Andy Fastow ‘s belief indicated his manner was ethically right i.e. for the greater good of the company. While both ethical positions are different they are besides both correct. The implicit in similarity here indicates that opportunism for personal addition was the chief driver relative to their different ethical sentiments. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) suggests a clear apprehension of this theory must be carefully dissected when compared with cultural relativism ; as cultural relativism explains the manner people really behave, and ethical relativism recommends how people ought to act. A HR director should admit that differences do n’t connote that there are no normally valid moral criterions. It teaches us that persons may non ever hold on what the principals are or should be. Relativism is a stronger claim as defense that there are normally suited moral criterions. It is a theoretical claim about the being of common moral criterions, whether or non people believe in them ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Therefore, it must be verified or unproven by theoretical influences. In drumhead, ethical theories need to be examined and measured against one another to undertake the issue of self-interest. No one theory on its ain is genuinely valid, instead a coaction of all theories should be used in order to give a professional ( HR director ) the necessary tools to make schemes and analyze the likeliness of unethical behavior. Enron ignored its ethical codification of behavior, self-interest ( greed and utmost force per unit area ) influenced direction in an unethical mode. For moralss to be adhered to companies necessitate to travel beyond the impression of simple legal conformity and follow values based on organizational civilization. Ethical logical thinking is non natural it ‘s a accomplishment that must be learned and practiced. How to cite Deception, greed, and extreme pressure, Essay examples

Population Growth Essay Example For Students

Population Growth Essay Regional Variations and Patterns of Population GrowthThe demographic transition model provides one with insight into the transformation or transition which occurs in several steps as the industrialization of a country progresses. By using the demographic transition as a model one can describe regional variations and patterns of population growth on a global level. The demographic transition model includes four stages: the pre industrialized society, the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution, and the post industrial societies/developed. The first stage of the demographic transition model is the pre industrial stage. In this stage birth and death rates are both usually high, which normally leads to almost no population growth within a country. The second stage of the demographic transition model is the Agricultural revolution stage, where one finds a reduction in death rates (DR), but birth rates (BR) remain high. In this stage there is also a population explosion, which i s found mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Moving on to the third stage known as the industrial revolution stage one sees a drastic change in population. Some of the change is due to advances in medicine and improvements in diet. These changes caused a drop in death rates and birth rates drop. Human life expectancy in the industrialized countries soared from an average of 35 years in the eighteenth century to 75 years or more at present. In this stage we find that the birth rates are about the same and death rates are lower. The last stage known as the post industrial period produces zero population growth. The zero population growth is achieved when there is both a halt or decline in both birth rates and death rates. Many countries however do not pass all the way through the demographic transition, but rather have a prolonged period during stage two, where the population explosion is in full effect, this causes for some problems in the countries and populations on a global scale.In discussing regional variations and patterns of population growth many components are involved. Fertility rates and death rates are good indicators to the global population and patterns of growth and variation. Total fertility rates (TFR) is the best prediction of a population over time. When we look at these numbers one, may start to wonder what factors have influenced these patterns and variations being observed. There are many factors that impact a population. To start one can look at the five themes discussed throughout our book, which include, culture region, cultural diffusion, cultural ecology, cultural integration, and cultural landscape. Each one of these themes discussed in chapter one can provide answers as to what factors influence population growth and variation. Ones culture region can play an important part in determining both birth and death rates. Cultural diffusion also provides insight into variations and changes in a population on a global level. Cultural ecology provides one with answers to population growth and variation based on a populations physical environment. Cultural integration can explain why certain patterns are observed in population growth and variation across the globe. Lastly, ones cultural landscape plays an important role in determining variations of a population. In the article titled, Before the Next Doubling, one can see that the doubling of the population is often due to many factors, which were discussed earlier. The article makes point of some of the causes of population growth, which include an unmet demand for family planning, a desire for large families, and population momentum. The article discusses the reasons to each of these causes. There is an unmet demand for family planning in a large percentage of the world. There is also a desire for large families if many areas such as Africa where many children die from diseases. The population momentum is one of the greatest causes of population growth. Population momentum occurs simply because the next reproductive group is starting to have children.When referring to, The State of the World Atlas, by Dan Smith one can observe population patterns. Page 14 shows the population doubling dates, where one can figure out based on the facts given, which stage of the demographic transition each country is in at various times. This also gives insight into how cultural integration plays an important role in population growth and variation. Page 16 in the atlas shows life expectancy across the world. It also states that increases in life expectancy are mainly due to improvements in three basic social conditions: better nutrition, a clean water supply, and access to health services.Consequently, life expectancy is considerably higher in the richer countries than in the poorer parts of the world(16). An example of this can be seen in the article, Gray Dawn: The Global Aging Crisis. The article discusses the aging crisis, which is due to the a dvancements in technology, which are allowing people to live longer. As discussed in the article the growth of elderly is going to cost lots of money that many people are not planning on.Nutrition is a good indicator into population variations across the world. Countries that naturally have more food available as opposed to poorer countries, who often suffer from malnutrition, find larger populations of healthier people living longer. On the other hand countries who lose babies and children often due to lack of resources often have higher birth rates because the adults in the countries want to have lots of children in case they lose one or more (18-21). Age provides one with an understanding of population growth. Countries where average life expectancies increase and family sizes decline, the proportion of older people in a population increases(24). Richer countries who have better living conditions often have less population growth, but more people living longer.There are many prob lems and issues that are associated with the patterns and variations of populations on a global level. One major issue which affects fertility rates and birth rates is the issue of reproductive rights in each country. As observed in the atlas on page 79 countries who have high birth rates also have no access or the country they live in says it is illegal to have abortions. This may be an issue that is causing a variation in the population. The wealth of a country also has an influence on the growth of the population. One major issue involving birth rates and death rates is health risks in a country. As reported on page 80-81 of the atlas HIV/AIDS is a major risk among many populations. AIDS has reduced life expectancy by more than one third in Botswana, Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This is probably why many of these places have both high birth and death rates. Another factor that causes a variation in population growth around the world is food. Problems concerning the am ount of food available in a country can very well cause increases or decreases in the population of that country. 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